Seafoam and Water: Thyrza as Artist in George Gissing’s Thyrza (1887)
Abstract
This essay argues that in Thyrza, Gissing links the sea to artistic expression through the titular heroine, Thyrza Trent, whose music is paralleled with the sound of the foam-producing sea, and who is out of her natural element in Lambeth but at home on the seashore. It treats Thyrza as Gissing’s attempt to express his developing ideas in 1886 about art and creativity in relation the external world, both natural and social. From seafoam to marine aquariums, clouds, and lakes, water plays a vital role in the novel, shoring up characters’ constitutional responses to their surroundings, whether it be the quiet lake, flowing river, or wild seashore, which Gissing associates with the intellectual aesthete, the factory worker, and the sensitive artist, respectively. A central contention is that in the space of the littoral, Thyrza experiences a oneness with nature aligned to Schopenhauer’s ideas regarding music and the artist’s access to the universal, and to the concept of oceanic feeling regaining currency today in what Erika Balsom describes as the “search for what it means to belong to the whole of a world in our time of ecological, humanitarian, and political emergency” (9). A reorientation of perspective to incorporate the terraqueous elements illuminates that despite its sentimental and idealistic features, Thyrza expresses an awe and veneration for the planetary that Dipesh Chakrabarty and Bruno Latour suggest that we need to recover, a “reverence,” or “some kind of a feeling that this is much bigger than I am” (Chakrabarty 216).
References
Ackerman, Sarah. “Exploring Freud’s Resistance to the Oceanic Feeling.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 65. 1 (2017): 9-31.
Adamowsky, Natascha. The Mysterious Science of the Sea 1775-1943. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Albrecht, Glenn A. Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 2019.
Balsom, Erika. An Oceanic Feeling: Cinema and the Sea. New Plymouth: Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, 2018.
Blum, Hester. “The Prospect of Oceanic Studies.” PMLA 125. 3 (2010): 670-77.
Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times, Routledge Revivals, 2012.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago: UP Chicago, 2022.
Chessick. Richard D. “The ‘Oceanic Feeling’ and Confrontation with Death.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69. 3 (2020): 513-34.
Cohen, Margaret. “Literary Studies on the Terraqueous Globe.” PMLA 125.3 (2010): 657-62.
Coustillas, Pierre. Introduction. George Gissing’s Essays and Fiction. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins P, 1970.
_____. Review. George Gissing: Thyrza, a Tale. Ed. Jacob Korg. Brighton: Harvester P (1974). The Gissing Newsletter 5. 11. 4 (1975): 19-23.
_____. Introduction. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978. 1-14.
_____. Introduction, Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 5-13.
Cyrino, Monica S. “Aphrodite.” Oxford Bibliographies.
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0183.xml). Accessed 3 January 2024.
Dennis, Richard. “Gissing and Hastings.” Gissing Journal 57.1 (2023): 22-41.
_____. “Thyrza’s Geography,” Appendix B. Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 560-62.
Dobrin, Sidney I. Blue Ecocriticism and the Oceanic Imperative. London: Routledge, 2021.
Francis, C. J. “Gissing and Schopenhauer.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 15.1 (1960): 53-63.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. & Trans. James Strachey. New York; London: W. W. Norton, 1961.
Gapp, Samuel Vogt. George Gissing Classicist. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania UP, 1936.
Gissing, George. The Unclassed. 1884. Ed. Paul Delany and Colette Colligan. ELS Editions, 2015.
_____. Demos: A Story of English Socialism. 1886. London: Smith & Elder, 1908.
_____. Thyrza 1887. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013.
_____. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. 1903. Ed. Mark Storey. Oxford: Oxford
U P, 1987.
_____. George Gissing’s Commonplace Book: A Manuscript in the Berg Collection of The New York Public Library. Ed. Jacob Korg. New York: The New York Public Library, 1962.
_____. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George
Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978.
_____. The Collected Letters of George Gissing. Ed. Paul F Mattheisen, Arthur C. Young and Pierre Coustillas. Vols 1, 3, 4, 8. Athens: Ohio U P, 1990-1996.
Goth, Sebastian. “Venus Anadyomene. The Birth of Art.” Venus as Muse: From Lucretius to Michel Serres. Ed. Norbert Bachleitner. Koninklijke: Brill, 2015. 15-40.
Grylls, David. The Paradox of Gissing. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
Halperin, John. Gissing: A Life in Books. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982.
Huguet, Christine. “Muddy Depths’: The Thames in Gissing’s Fiction.” Gissing and the City: Cultural Crisis and the Making of Books in Late Victorian England. Ed. John Spiers. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 162-70.
Hutcheon, Rebecca. “George Gissing’s Thyrza and Lambeth.” The Palgrave Encyclopaedia of Urban Literary Studies. Ed. J. Tambling. Champ: Palgrave. 2018. 1-5.
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_99-1.
_____. Writing Place: Mimesis, Subjectivity and Imagination in the Works of George Gissing. New York: Routledge 2018.
Kerr, Matthew. The Victorian Novel and the Problem with Marine Language: All at Sea. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2022.
Losseff, Nicky. “The Voice, the Breath and the Soul: Song and Poverty in Thyrza, Mary Barton, Alton Locke, and A Child of the Jago.” The Idea of Music in Victorian Fiction. Ed. Sophie Fuller and Nicky Losseff, England: Ashgate, 2004. 3-26.
Maltz, Diana. “Gissing as Thwarted Aesthete.” A Garland for Gissing. Ed. Bouwe Postmus. New York: Rodopi, 2001. 203-14.
_____. “Practical Aesthetics and Decadent Rationale in George Gissing.” Victorian Literature and Culture 28.1 (2000): 55-71.
Mann, Tom. The Eight Hours Movement. 1886. Third Edition. London: William Reeves, 1891.
Matz, Aaron. Satire in An Age of Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.
Matthews, Derek. “1889 and All That: New Views on the New Unionism.” International Review of Social History 36 (1991): 24-58.
Pratt, Mary Louise. “Coda: Concept and Chronotope.” Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene. Ed. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Nils Bubandt, Elaine Gan, and Heather Anne Swanson. Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 2017. G169-G174.
Pye, Patricia. Sound and Modernity in the Literature of London 1880-1918. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Ruin, Hans. “Transformations of the Beautiful.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16. 4 (1958): 482-87.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1818. The World as Will and Representation. Trans. E. F. J. Payne. Vol. 2. New York: Dover P, 1958.
_____. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and On the Will in Nature. 1891. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1891.
Selig, Robert. George Gissing. Boston: Twayne, 1983.
Serres, Michel. Genesis. Trans. Genevieve and James Nielson. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan, 1982.
Tindall, Gillian. The Born Exile: George Gissing. London: Temple Smith, 1974.
Theocritus. Idylls. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008.
Unsigned Review. The Athenaeum. 7 May 1887. Gissing The Critical Heritage. Ed. Pierre Coustillas and Colin Partridge. London and Boston: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 2013. 103.
Watkins, Holly. Musical Vitalities: Ventures in a Biotic Aesthetics of Music. Chicago & London: UP Chicago, 2018.
What Is Sea Foam? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seafoam.html#:~:text=When%20large%20blooms%20of%20algae,of%20a%20productive%20ocean%20ecosystem.
Ackerman, Sarah. “Exploring Freud’s Resistance to the Oceanic Feeling.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 65. 1 (2017): 9-31.
Adamowsky, Natascha. The Mysterious Science of the Sea 1775-1943. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Albrecht, Glenn A. Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 2019.
Balsom, Erika. An Oceanic Feeling: Cinema and the Sea. New Plymouth: Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, 2018.
Blum, Hester. “The Prospect of Oceanic Studies.” PMLA 125. 3 (2010): 670-77.
Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times, Routledge Revivals, 2012.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago: UP Chicago, 2022.
Chessick. Richard D. “The ‘Oceanic Feeling’ and Confrontation with Death.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69. 3 (2020): 513-34.
Cohen, Margaret. “Literary Studies on the Terraqueous Globe.” PMLA 125.3 (2010): 657-62.
Coustillas, Pierre. Introduction. George Gissing’s Essays and Fiction. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins P, 1970.
_____. Review. George Gissing: Thyrza, a Tale. Ed. Jacob Korg. Brighton: Harvester P (1974). The Gissing Newsletter 5. 11. 4 (1975): 19-23.
_____. Introduction. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978. 1-14.
_____. Introduction, Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 5-13.
Cyrino, Monica S. “Aphrodite.” Oxford Bibliographies.
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0183.xml). Accessed 3 January 2024.
Dennis, Richard. “Gissing and Hastings.” Gissing Journal 57.1 (2023): 22-41.
_____. “Thyrza’s Geography,” Appendix B. Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 560-62.
Dobrin, Sidney I. Blue Ecocriticism and the Oceanic Imperative. London: Routledge, 2021.
Francis, C. J. “Gissing and Schopenhauer.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 15.1 (1960): 53-63.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. & Trans. James Strachey. New York; London: W. W. Norton, 1961.
Gapp, Samuel Vogt. George Gissing Classicist. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania UP, 1936.
Gissing, George. The Unclassed. 1884. Ed. Paul Delany and Colette Colligan. ELS Editions, 2015.
_____. Demos: A Story of English Socialism. 1886. London: Smith & Elder, 1908.
_____. Thyrza 1887. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013.
_____. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. 1903. Ed. Mark Storey. Oxford: Oxford
U P, 1987.
_____. George Gissing’s Commonplace Book: A Manuscript in the Berg Collection of The New York Public Library. Ed. Jacob Korg. New York: The New York Public Library, 1962.
_____. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George
Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978.
_____. The Collected Letters of George Gissing. Ed. Paul F Mattheisen, Arthur C. Young and Pierre Coustillas. Vols 1, 3, 4, 8. Athens: Ohio U P, 1990-1996.
Goth, Sebastian. “Venus Anadyomene. The Birth of Art.” Venus as Muse: From Lucretius to Michel Serres. Ed. Norbert Bachleitner. Koninklijke: Brill, 2015. 15-40.
Grylls, David. The Paradox of Gissing. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
Halperin, John. Gissing: A Life in Books. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982.
Huguet, Christine. “Muddy Depths’: The Thames in Gissing’s Fiction.” Gissing and the City: Cultural Crisis and the Making of Books in Late Victorian England. Ed. John Spiers. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 162-70.
Hutcheon, Rebecca. “George Gissing’s Thyrza and Lambeth.” The Palgrave Encyclopaedia of Urban Literary Studies. Ed. J. Tambling. Champ: Palgrave. 2018. 1-5.
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_99-1.
_____. Writing Place: Mimesis, Subjectivity and Imagination in the Works of George Gissing. New York: Routledge 2018.
Kerr, Matthew. The Victorian Novel and the Problem with Marine Language: All at Sea. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2022.
Losseff, Nicky. “The Voice, the Breath and the Soul: Song and Poverty in Thyrza, Mary Barton, Alton Locke, and A Child of the Jago.” The Idea of Music in Victorian Fiction. Ed. Sophie Fuller and Nicky Losseff, England: Ashgate, 2004. 3-26.
Maltz, Diana. “Gissing as Thwarted Aesthete.” A Garland for Gissing. Ed. Bouwe Postmus. New York: Rodopi, 2001. 203-14.
_____. “Practical Aesthetics and Decadent Rationale in George Gissing.” Victorian Literature and Culture 28.1 (2000): 55-71.
Mann, Tom. The Eight Hours Movement. 1886. Third Edition. London: William Reeves, 1891.
Matz, Aaron. Satire in An Age of Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.
Matthews, Derek. “1889 and All That: New Views on the New Unionism.” International Review of Social History 36 (1991): 24-58.
Pratt, Mary Louise. “Coda: Concept and Chronotope.” Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene. Ed. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Nils Bubandt, Elaine Gan, and Heather Anne Swanson. Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 2017. G169-G174.
Pye, Patricia. Sound and Modernity in the Literature of London 1880-1918. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Ruin, Hans. “Transformations of the Beautiful.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16. 4 (1958): 482-87.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1818. The World as Will and Representation. Trans. E. F. J. Payne. Vol. 2. New York: Dover P, 1958.
_____. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and On the Will in Nature. 1891. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1891.
Selig, Robert. George Gissing. Boston: Twayne, 1983.
Serres, Michel. Genesis. Trans. Genevieve and James Nielson. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan, 1982.
Tindall, Gillian. The Born Exile: George Gissing. London: Temple Smith, 1974.
Theocritus. Idylls. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008.
Unsigned Review. The Athenaeum. 7 May 1887. Gissing The Critical Heritage. Ed. Pierre Coustillas and Colin Partridge. London and Boston: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 2013. 103.
Watkins, Holly. Musical Vitalities: Ventures in a Biotic Aesthetics of Music. Chicago & London: UP Chicago, 2018.
What Is Sea Foam? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seafoam.html#:~:text=When%20large%20blooms%20of%20algae,of%20a%20productive%20ocean%20ecosystem.
Ackerman, Sarah. “Exploring Freud’s Resistance to the Oceanic Feeling.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 65. 1 (2017): 9-31.
Adamowsky, Natascha. The Mysterious Science of the Sea 1775-1943. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Albrecht, Glenn A. Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 2019.
Balsom, Erika. An Oceanic Feeling: Cinema and the Sea. New Plymouth: Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, 2018.
Blum, Hester. “The Prospect of Oceanic Studies.” PMLA 125. 3 (2010): 670-77.
Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times, Routledge Revivals, 2012.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago: UP Chicago, 2022.
Chessick. Richard D. “The ‘Oceanic Feeling’ and Confrontation with Death.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69. 3 (2020): 513-34.
Cohen, Margaret. “Literary Studies on the Terraqueous Globe.” PMLA 125.3 (2010): 657-62.
Coustillas, Pierre. Introduction. George Gissing’s Essays and Fiction. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins P, 1970.
_____. Review. George Gissing: Thyrza, a Tale. Ed. Jacob Korg. Brighton: Harvester P (1974). The Gissing Newsletter 5. 11. 4 (1975): 19-23.
_____. Introduction. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978. 1-14.
_____. Introduction, Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 5-13.
Cyrino, Monica S. “Aphrodite.” Oxford Bibliographies.
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0183.xml). Accessed 3 January 2024.
Dennis, Richard. “Gissing and Hastings.” Gissing Journal 57.1 (2023): 22-41.
_____. “Thyrza’s Geography,” Appendix B. Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 560-62.
Dobrin, Sidney I. Blue Ecocriticism and the Oceanic Imperative. London: Routledge, 2021.
Francis, C. J. “Gissing and Schopenhauer.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 15.1 (1960): 53-63.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. & Trans. James Strachey. New York; London: W. W. Norton, 1961.
Gapp, Samuel Vogt. George Gissing Classicist. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania UP, 1936.
Gissing, George. The Unclassed. 1884. Ed. Paul Delany and Colette Colligan. ELS Editions, 2015.
_____. Demos: A Story of English Socialism. 1886. London: Smith & Elder, 1908.
_____. Thyrza 1887. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013.
_____. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. 1903. Ed. Mark Storey. Oxford: Oxford
U P, 1987.
_____. George Gissing’s Commonplace Book: A Manuscript in the Berg Collection of The New York Public Library. Ed. Jacob Korg. New York: The New York Public Library, 1962.
_____. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George
Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978.
_____. The Collected Letters of George Gissing. Ed. Paul F Mattheisen, Arthur C. Young and Pierre Coustillas. Vols 1, 3, 4, 8. Athens: Ohio U P, 1990-1996.
Goth, Sebastian. “Venus Anadyomene. The Birth of Art.” Venus as Muse: From Lucretius to Michel Serres. Ed. Norbert Bachleitner. Koninklijke: Brill, 2015. 15-40.
Grylls, David. The Paradox of Gissing. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
Halperin, John. Gissing: A Life in Books. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982.
Huguet, Christine. “Muddy Depths’: The Thames in Gissing’s Fiction.” Gissing and the City: Cultural Crisis and the Making of Books in Late Victorian England. Ed. John Spiers. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 162-70.
Hutcheon, Rebecca. “George Gissing’s Thyrza and Lambeth.” The Palgrave Encyclopaedia of Urban Literary Studies. Ed. J. Tambling. Champ: Palgrave. 2018. 1-5.
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_99-1.
_____. Writing Place: Mimesis, Subjectivity and Imagination in the Works of George Gissing. New York: Routledge 2018.
Kerr, Matthew. The Victorian Novel and the Problem with Marine Language: All at Sea. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2022.
Losseff, Nicky. “The Voice, the Breath and the Soul: Song and Poverty in Thyrza, Mary Barton, Alton Locke, and A Child of the Jago.” The Idea of Music in Victorian Fiction. Ed. Sophie Fuller and Nicky Losseff, England: Ashgate, 2004. 3-26.
Maltz, Diana. “Gissing as Thwarted Aesthete.” A Garland for Gissing. Ed. Bouwe Postmus. New York: Rodopi, 2001. 203-14.
_____. “Practical Aesthetics and Decadent Rationale in George Gissing.” Victorian Literature and Culture 28.1 (2000): 55-71.
Mann, Tom. The Eight Hours Movement. 1886. Third Edition. London: William Reeves, 1891.
Matz, Aaron. Satire in An Age of Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.
Matthews, Derek. “1889 and All That: New Views on the New Unionism.” International Review of Social History 36 (1991): 24-58.
Pratt, Mary Louise. “Coda: Concept and Chronotope.” Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene. Ed. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Nils Bubandt, Elaine Gan, and Heather Anne Swanson. Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 2017. G169-G174.
Pye, Patricia. Sound and Modernity in the Literature of London 1880-1918. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Ruin, Hans. “Transformations of the Beautiful.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16. 4 (1958): 482-87.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1818. The World as Will and Representation. Trans. E. F. J. Payne. Vol. 2. New York: Dover P, 1958.
_____. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and On the Will in Nature. 1891. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1891.
Selig, Robert. George Gissing. Boston: Twayne, 1983.
Serres, Michel. Genesis. Trans. Genevieve and James Nielson. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan, 1982.
Tindall, Gillian. The Born Exile: George Gissing. London: Temple Smith, 1974.
Theocritus. Idylls. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008.
Unsigned Review. The Athenaeum. 7 May 1887. Gissing The Critical Heritage. Ed. Pierre Coustillas and Colin Partridge. London and Boston: Routledge & Keegan Paul, 2013. 103.
Watkins, Holly. Musical Vitalities: Ventures in a Biotic Aesthetics of Music. Chicago & London: UP Chicago, 2018.
What Is Sea Foam? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seafoam.html#:~:text=When%20large%20blooms%20of%20algae,of%20a%20productive%20ocean%20ecosystem.
Ackerman, Sarah. “Exploring Freud’s Resistance to the Oceanic Feeling.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 65. 1 (2017): 9-31.
Adamowsky, Natascha. The Mysterious Science of the Sea 1775-1943. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Albrecht, Glenn A. Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 2019.
Balsom, Erika. An Oceanic Feeling: Cinema and the Sea. New Plymouth: Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, 2018.
Blum, Hester. “The Prospect of Oceanic Studies.” PMLA 125. 3 (2010): 670-77.
Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times, Routledge Revivals, 2012.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago: UP Chicago, 2022.
Chessick. Richard D. “The ‘Oceanic Feeling’ and Confrontation with Death.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 69. 3 (2020): 513-34.
Cohen, Margaret. “Literary Studies on the Terraqueous Globe.” PMLA 125.3 (2010): 657-62.
Coustillas, Pierre. Introduction. George Gissing’s Essays and Fiction. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins P, 1970.
_____. Review. George Gissing: Thyrza, a Tale. Ed. Jacob Korg. Brighton: Harvester P (1974). The Gissing Newsletter 5. 11. 4 (1975): 19-23.
_____. Introduction. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978. 1-14.
_____. Introduction, Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 5-13.
Cyrino, Monica S. “Aphrodite.” Oxford Bibliographies.
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0183.xml). Accessed 3 January 2024.
Dennis, Richard. “Gissing and Hastings.” Gissing Journal 57.1 (2023): 22-41.
_____. “Thyrza’s Geography,” Appendix B. Thyrza. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013. 560-62.
Dobrin, Sidney I. Blue Ecocriticism and the Oceanic Imperative. London: Routledge, 2021.
Francis, C. J. “Gissing and Schopenhauer.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 15.1 (1960): 53-63.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. & Trans. James Strachey. New York; London: W. W. Norton, 1961.
Gapp, Samuel Vogt. George Gissing Classicist. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania UP, 1936.
Gissing, George. The Unclassed. 1884. Ed. Paul Delany and Colette Colligan. ELS Editions, 2015.
_____. Demos: A Story of English Socialism. 1886. London: Smith & Elder, 1908.
_____. Thyrza 1887. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Brighton: Victorian Secrets, 2013.
_____. The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft. 1903. Ed. Mark Storey. Oxford: Oxford
U P, 1987.
_____. George Gissing’s Commonplace Book: A Manuscript in the Berg Collection of The New York Public Library. Ed. Jacob Korg. New York: The New York Public Library, 1962.
_____. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: The Diary of George
Gissing Novelist. Ed. Pierre Coustillas. Sussex: Harvester P, 1978.
_____. The Collected Letters of George Gissing. Ed. Paul F Mattheisen, Arthur C. Young and Pierre Coustillas. Vols 1, 3, 4, 8. Athens: Ohio U P, 1990-1996.
Goth, Sebastian. “Venus Anadyomene. The Birth of Art.” Venus as Muse: From Lucretius to Michel Serres. Ed. Norbert Bachleitner. Koninklijke: Brill, 2015. 15-40.
Grylls, David. The Paradox of Gissing. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
Halperin, John. Gissing: A Life in Books. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982.
Huguet, Christine. “Muddy Depths’: The Thames in Gissing’s Fiction.” Gissing and the City: Cultural Crisis and the Making of Books in Late Victorian England. Ed. John Spiers. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 162-70.
Hutcheon, Rebecca. “George Gissing’s Thyrza and Lambeth.” The Palgrave Encyclopaedia of Urban Literary Studies. Ed. J. Tambling. Champ: Palgrave. 2018. 1-5.
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_99-1.
_____. Writing Place: Mimesis, Subjectivity and Imagination in the Works of George Gissing. New York: Routledge 2018.
Kerr, Matthew. The Victorian Novel and the Problem with Marine Language: All at Sea. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2022.
Losseff, Nicky. “The Voice, the Breath and the Soul: Song and Poverty in Thyrza, Mary Barton, Alton Locke, and A Child of the Jago.” The Idea of Music in Victorian Fiction. Ed. Sophie Fuller and Nicky Losseff, England: Ashgate, 2004. 3-26.
Maltz, Diana. “Gissing as Thwarted Aesthete.” A Garland for Gissing. Ed. Bouwe Postmus. New York: Rodopi, 2001. 203-14.
_____. “Practical Aesthetics and Decadent Rationale in George Gissing.” Victorian Literature and Culture 28.1 (2000): 55-71.
Mann, Tom. The Eight Hours Movement. 1886. Third Edition. London: William Reeves, 1891.
Matz, Aaron. Satire in An Age of Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.
Matthews, Derek. “1889 and All That: New Views on the New Unionism.” International Review of Social History 36 (1991): 24-58.
Pratt, Mary Louise. “Coda: Concept and Chronotope.” Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene. Ed. Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Nils Bubandt, Elaine Gan, and Heather Anne Swanson. Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 2017. G169-G174.
Pye, Patricia. Sound and Modernity in the Literature of London 1880-1918. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Ruin, Hans. “Transformations of the Beautiful.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 16. 4 (1958): 482-87.
Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1818. The World as Will and Representation. Trans. E. F. J. Payne. Vol. 2. New York: Dover P, 1958.
_____. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and On the Will in Nature. 1891. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1891.
Selig, Robert. George Gissing. Boston: Twayne, 1983.
Serres, Michel. Genesis. Trans. Genevieve and James Nielson. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan, 1982.
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What Is Sea Foam? oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seafoam.html#:~:text=When%20large%20blooms%20of%20algae,of%20a%20productive%20ocean%20ecosystem.
