Changing destinations: Ideal attraction and actual movement of cross-border tertiary students from mainland China
Keywords:
international students, China, marketing, study abroad, higher educationAbstract
Globalization has driven growth in the market for cross-border students. Mainland China, with a burgeoning economy and the largest national population, has become an important source of cross-border students. This study identifies ideal attraction in mainland China to destinations for cross-border tertiary education, as expressed by ideal first and second choice destinations in 2008. It then compares ideal interest with the actual destinations of students over the ten-year period between 1999 and 2008. Findings indicate that the USA and South Korea are under-performing while Japan and Australia are over-performing against the mainland Chinese public’s ideal demand. Countries, territories and higher education institutions hoping to attract mainland Chinese cross-border students could optimize their draw by raising their awareness and addressing the concerns of this increasingly important market.
References
Altbach, P. G. and Knight, J. (2007) The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and Realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 290-305.
Andrade, M. S. (2006) International students in English-speaking universities. Journal of Research in International Education, 5, 131-154.
Australian Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2008) Review of Australian higher education: Final report. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
Bartlett, T. and Fischer, K. (2011) The China Conundrum: American Colleges Find the Chinese-student Boom a Tricky Fit. The Chronicle of Higher Education. November 3. http://chronicle.com/article/Chinese-Students-Prove-a/129628.
Bevis, T. B. (2002) At a glance: International students in the United States. International Educator, 11, 12–17.
Bodycott, P. (2009) Choosing a higher education study abroad destination: What
mainland Chinese parents and students rate as important. Journal of Research in
International Education, 8, 349-373.
Bodycott, P. (2012) Embedded culture and intercultural adaptation: Implications for managing the needs of Chinese students. Journal of Higher Education Policy & Management, 34, 355-364.
Bodycott, P. and Lai, A. (2012) The influence and implications of Chinese culture in the decision to undertake cross-border higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16, 252-270.
Byun, K. and Kim, M. (2011) Shifting patterns of the government’s policies for the internationalization of Korean higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15, 467-486.
Byun, K., Chu, H., Kim, M., Park, I., Kim, S. and Jung, J. (2011) English-medium teaching in Korean higher education: Policy debates and reality.” Higher Education, 62, 431-449.
Chan, D. and Mok, K. (2001) Educational reforms and coping strategies under the tidal wave of marketisation: A comparative study of Hong Kong and mainland China. Comparative Education, 37, 21-41.
Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K.E., and Mattoo, A. (2008) The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation. Review of International Economics, 16, 444-462.
Chicago Council on Global Affairs. (2008) The Chicago Council on Global Affairs poll: Soft power in Asia. Chicago: The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. http://webapps.ropercenter.uconn.edu/CFIDE/cf/action/catalog/abstract.cfm?label=&keyword=MCMISC2008+CCGA&fromDate=&toDate=&organization=Any&type=&keywordOptions=1&start=1&id=&exclude=&excludeOptions=1&topic=Any&sortBy=DESC&archno=MCMISC2008-CCGA&abstract=abstract&x=41&y=3
Cho, Y. H. and Palmer, J. D. (2012) Stakeholders’ views of South Korea’s higher education internationalization policy.” Higher Education, in press.
Chung, K. (2012) SUNY Korea opens Songdo global campus. Korea Joongang Daily, March 10. http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/html/677/2949677.html
Cohen, E.S. (2001) Globalization and the boundaries of the state: A framework for analyzing the changing practice of sovereignty. Governance, 14, 75-97.
Cubillo, J. M., Sánchez, J. & Cerviño, J. (2006) International students’ decision-making process. International Journal of Educational Management, 20, 101-115.
Gareis, E. (2012) Intercultural friendship: Effects of home and host region. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, in press.
Gareth, D. (2005) Chinese Students’ motivations for studying abroad. International Journal of Private Higher Education, 8, 349-373.
Guo, R. (2010) An introduction to the Chinese economy: The driving forces behind modern day China. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia).
Harrison, P. (2002) Educational exchange for international understanding. International Educator 11: 2–4.
Hepker, C. (2011) US to meet China in Washington to tackle thorny issues. BBC World Business Report, May 9. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/business-13326442.
Ishikawa, M. (2009) University rankings, global models, and emerging hegemony: Critical analysis from Japan. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13, 159-173.
Jang, G. and Paik, W. K. (2012) Korean Wave as tool for Korea’s new cultural diplomacy, Advances in Applied Sociology, 2, 196-202.
Kim, T. (2005) Internationalisation of higher education in South Korea: Reality, rhetoric, and disparity in academic culture and identities.” Australian Journal of Education, 49, 89-103.
Knight, J. (2006) Cross-border education: Conceptual confusion and data deficits, Perspectives in Education, 24, 15-27.
Kuwamura, A. (2009) The challenges of increasing capacity and diversity in Japanese higher education through proactive recruitment strategies. Journals of Studies in International Education, 13, 189-202.
Lee, H. H. (2003) A tale of two cities: Comparing higher education policies and reforms
in Hong Kong and Singapore. Australian Journal of Education, 46, 255-286.
Luke, C. (2005) Capital and knowledge flows: Global higher education markets. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 25, 159-174.
Marginson, S. (2002) Nation-building universities in a global environment: The case of Australia. Higher Education, 52, 1-39.
Marginson, S. (2009) The knowledge economy and higher education: A system for regulating the value of knowledge. Higher Education Management and Policy, 21, 39-53.
Mazzarol, T. & Soutar, G. N. (2002) ‘Push-Pull’ factors influencing international student destination choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 6, 82-90.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). (2008) International comparison of educational indicators. Tokyo: MEXT.
Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST). (2007) Higher education in Korea. MEST. Accessed August 15, 2012. http://english.mest.go.kr/web/1710/en/board/endownload.do?boardSeq=36633.
Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST). (2008) Gwangyang sets up Branch of Dutch Shipping and Transport College. MEST. Accessed May 10, 2012. http://english.mest.go.kr/web/42207/en/board/enview.do?bbsId=265andpageSize=10andcurrentPage=23andboardSeq=1801andmode=view.
Mott, W.H. (2004) Globalization: People, perspectives, and progress. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Mok, K. (2003) “Similar trends, diverse agendas: Higher education reforms in East Asia. Globalisation, Societies and Education 1: 201-221.
National Association of Foreign Student Advisers (NAFSA). (2003) In America’s interest: Welcoming international students. Washington, DC: NAFSA.
National Association of Foreign Student Advisers (NAFSA). (2007) The economic benefits of international education to the United States for the 2006-2007 academic year: A statistical analysis. Washington, DC: NAFSA.
Pan, S.-Y. (2010) Changes and challenges in the flow of international human capital: China’s experience. Journal of Studies in International Education, 14, 259-288.
Palmer, J. D. and Cho, Y. H. (2012) South Korean higher education internationalization policies: Perceptions and experiences. Asia Pacific Education Review, in press.
Riedel, J., Jin J., and Gao, J. (2007) How China grows: Investment, finance, and reform. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sassen, S. (1998) Globalization and its discontents. New York: New Press.
Shi, J. (2008) Are currency appreciations contractionary in China? In T. Ito and A. K. Rose (eds.), International financial issues in the Pacific Rim: Global imbalances, financial liberalization, and exchange rate policy (pp. 71-105). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sigurdson, J., Kong, X., Wang, Y. and Tang, Y. (2005) Technological superpower
China. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Tsuneyoshi, R. (2005) Internationalization strategies in Japan: The dilemmas and possibilities of study abroad programs using English. Journal of Research in International Education, 4, 65-86.
UNESCO. (2009) Global education digest 2009: Comparing education statistics
across the world. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Warwick, S. (2005) Will the academy survive 9/11? Scholarship, security, and United States government policy. Government Information Quarterly, 22, 573-593.
Yang, R. (2007) Incorporation and university governance: The Chinese experience,
using university enrolment expansion policy as an example. Asia Pacific Journal
of Education, 27, 225-269.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives is the official journal of the Oceania Comparative and International Education Society. The IEJ, (ISSN 1443-1475), publishes a general volume bi-annually in July and December and also publishes Special Editions occasionally. It is a free, open-access scholarly journal, managed by volunteers. There are no article processing charges, or any charges to authors.
In relation to intellectual property, as of 2020, the IEJ: CP claims only first publication rights; copyright of all work published in the journal remains with the authors under Creative Commons copyright license CC-BY-ND (4.0). Author(s) retain all rights to their works, ensuring that reference to the International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives is clearly stated on any copies made or distribution. Submissions must not involve third parties with a claim to copyright, and be the sole work of the author(s). It is the responsibility of the author(s) to secure permission to reproduce photographs, illustrations, figures or tables. Single images, tables or figures can be re-used . If more than a single image or table are to be re-used authors must attribute first publication to IEJ: CP notify the IEJ: CP Editor. Authors may also make derivative works which are subject to these limitations.
See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ for more detail.
Re-distributed or used material must be referenced to the International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives.
