Gender analysis of Employment of Mongolia
Keywords:
gender stereotype, gender policy, gender based violence, gender dynamics, normAbstract
Mongolia, one of the world’s youngest democracies, faces ongoing challenges in developing an open, transparent and sustainable economy. The Mongolian economy is still heavily dependent on mining, which remains the country's driving force with a share of almost 24% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Additionally, there remain significant shortcomings in the participation of all population groups, particularly women, in economic and political decision-making processes. This article is based on documentary research and argues for gender equality in employment at the meta (social norms), macro (policies and laws), meso (institutions) and micro (groups) levels. We argue that a holistic gendered analysis of the Mongolian economy is important for the preparation and designing of new opportunities for gender equality.
References
Asian Development Bank [ADB], Higher Education Reform Project [HERP]. (2016). Gender Analysis of General Curriculum in Universities. Sodpress printing, Ulaanbaatar.
International Labour Organization [ILO]. (2017). Jobs and skills for youth. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_542025.pdf
International Labour Organization [ILO], Ministry of Labour and Social Protection [MLSP]. (2021). Mongolia's informal employment status research report. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_840923.pdf
Gankhuyag, G. (2021). Population health and gender: research report. Uudam soyol printing. Ulaanbaatar.
Gender Equality Center. (2018). Status and attitudes of sexual harassment in the workplace for girls and women, comparative analysis of 2004 and 2017. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://stoptrafficking.mn/reports?page=4
Deutsche Gesellechaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit [GIZ].(2023). Gender analysis GIZ Mongolia Portfolio. Ulaanbaatar.
Gonzales, C., Jain-Chandra, S., Kochhar, K., & Newiak, M. (2015). Fair Play: More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Force Participation. IMF Working Paper.
Langenkamp, A. (2023). Feminist Foreign Policy [AA] and Feminist Development Policy of German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development [BMZ]. Germany.
Labor and social security training, evaluation and research institutions. (2021). Survey of salary structure. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://sudalgaa.gov.mn/tsalin-khlsniy-bttsiyn-sudalgaa-1pb
Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, Asian Development Bank [ADB] and Independent Research Institute of Mongolia [IRIM]. (2020) Qualitative research on Domestic violence among people with Disabilities. Udam soyol printing. Ulaanbaatar.
MacArthur, J., Carrard, N., Davila F., Grant, M., Megaw, T., Willetts, J., Winterford, K. (2022). Gender-transformative approaches in international development: A brief history and five uniting principles. Women's Studies International Forum. Retrieved from https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/163397
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection. (2018). The population, labor and social protection sector gender-responsive policy (2018-2024). Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://mlsp.gov.mn/uploads/op/files/e1d04de243d1b2efa75879cfb21ddc8cfb8f06b6.pdf
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection. (2019). Annex 1 to Resolution No.2 of the National Tripartite Committee on Labor and Social Consent of September 6, 2019. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13203:0::NO::P13203_COUNTRY_ID:103142
Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. (2021). Report of Barometer survey on Labor market demand. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from http://www.institute.gov.mn/upload/tarilsp/2023//ХЗЗ-ийн_эрэлтийн_барометрийн_судалгаа_2021.pdf
Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. (2022a). Information from Gender Council of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection. Retrieved from https://translate.google.com/?sl=mn&tl=en&text=Хөдөлмөр%2C%20нийгмийн%20хамгааллын%20яамны%20жендерийн%20салбар%20зөвлөлийн%20мэдээлэл&op=translate
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection. (2022b). Evaluation of the implementation of the employment support programs. Soyombo printing. Ulaanbaatar.
Ministry of Labour and Social protection. (2023). Reports on the policies and measures implemented by the labor and social security sector in accordance with the functions stipulated in Article 19 of the Law on Ensuring Gender Equality. Ulaanbaatar.
National Committee on Gender Equality. (2020a). Basline report. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ncge.gov.mn/research
National Committee on Gender Equality. (2020b). Mongolia Gender Situational Analysis: Advances, challenges and lessons learnt since 2005. Ulaanbaatar. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ncge.gov.mn/research
National Committee on Gender equality, Mongolian Marketing Consulting Group [MMCG]. (2021). Evaluation of the implementation of the law of Mongolian on promotion of gender equality. Ulaanbaatar. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ncge.gov.mn/research
National Committee on Gender Equality. (2022a). The Law on promotion of gender equality, cross-sectoral strategic plan for promoting gender equality in Mongolia (2022-2031). Ulaanbaatar: Retrieved from https://www.ncge.gov.mn/uploads/legal/aff6d42b7e3d8c73019210abba4f378f.pdf
National Committee on Gender Equality. (2022b). General report on the progress and results of activities to ensure gender equality by the central state administrative organizations. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.ncge.gov.mn/transparency/54
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. (2019). The time use survey. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www2.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=tsas_info_2019.pdf&ln=Mn
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. (2020). Contribution of SMEs to economic development. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www2.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Small_and_Medium_Enterprise_-_2020.pdf&ln=Mn
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. (2022a). Mongolian statistical yearbook-2022. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www.1212.mn/mn/statistic/file-library/view/65217112
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. (2022b). Key indicators of the labour market. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://www2.1212.mn/Stat.aspx?LIST_ID=976_L04&type=sectorbook
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. (2022c). The results of the 2021 census of enterprises. Retrieved from https://medee.nso.mn:3005/api/articles/imagesCk/1664508051202-nso-AANT-2021.pdf
National Statistical Office of Mongolia. United Nations Population Fund and other. (2018). Gender-Based Violence Survey. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://mongolia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/ЖЕНДЭРТ%20СУУРИЛСАН%20ХҮЧИРХИЙЛЛИЙН%20СУДАЛГААНЫ%20ТАЙЛАН%20-%202017%202.pdf
State Great Hural. (2020) “Vision-2050” Long-term development policy of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://cabinet.gov.mn/wp-content/uploads/2050_VISION_LONG-TERM-DEVELOPMENT-POLICY.pdf
State Great Hural. (2006) A State Policy on Informal Employment. Ulaanbaatar. Retrieved from https://legalinfo.mn/mn/detail?lawId=203226&showType=1
Tumendelger, S. (2019). Gender and Society. Sodpress printing. Ulaanbaatar.
United Nations. (2021). United Nations Development Aid Framework in Mongolia, 2017-2021. Ulaanbaatar.
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF]. (2021). Evaluation of inclusive Basic Education in the UNICEF Country Programmes 20212-2016 and 2017-2021. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjI4d-ygamBAxVU-WEKHV6rBg8QFnoECBQQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fevaluationreports.unicef.org%2FGetDocument%3FfileID%3D12330&usg=AOvVaw0bMoyOr8hJdBo452JmcHHs&opi=89978449
United State Agency for International Development [USAID], Development solution of Mongolia NGO. (2021) Overview of access to finance for SMES in Mongolia. Retrieved from http://dsmongolia.org/newsers/жижиг-дунд-бизнесийн-санхүүжилтийн-е/
United Nations Development Programme [UNDP]. (2021). Baseline study on supply and demand for self- and wage-employment for current and future work. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/mongolia/publications/baseline-study-supply-and-demand-self-and-wage-employment-current-and-future-work
World Bank.(2018a). Perceptions of Precariousness: A Qualitative Study of Constraints Underlying Gender Disparities in Mongolia’s Labor Market. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia/publication/perceptions-of-precariousness-a-qualitative-study-of-constraints-underlying-gender-disparities-in-mongolia-labor-market
World Bank. (2018b). Mongolia poverty update. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/532121589213323583/pdf/Mongolia-Poverty-Update-2018.pdf
World Vision Mongolia, Independent Research Institute of Mongolia [IRIM] (2023) Extra assessment of the current situation of gender-based violence during the Dzud: research report, WV printing. Ulaanbaatar.
