Focussed Review of Modelling-Driven Innovations in Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms using CFD, AI, and AR/VR

Abstract

Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an emerging microfluidic platform that mimics key physiological functions of the human body, offering promising tools for drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine (context). This review highlights recent advances in OOC modeling, with a focus on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Analysis (FEM), multiphysics simulation, artificial intelligence (AI), and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) (key advance). We summarize the applications of these approaches in fluid dynamics, mechanical responses, chemical transport, and system visualization, explicitly addressing their roles at different modeling layers relevant to chip performance (scope). Finally, we discuss current challenges, including organ complexity, multi-organ integration, validation, and standardization, and propose that future progress will rely on interdisciplinary collaboration, hybrid modeling strategies, and real-time AI integration to accelerate biomedical translation (outlook).